Utilities Can Monitor Home Occupancy Using Smart Meters

The utility companies say it can’t be done, but …

Privacy Invading EyeKey Article Phrase:  “Launching attacks that extract occupancy [patterns] from smart meter data is surprisingly easy.”

Utility Misinformation: “The utility cannot detect the presence of people in their homes.” [1]

Utility Misinformation:  “[Smart meters] are not surveillance devices.” [2]

Fact:  “An important example of the sensitive information smart meters reveal is occupancy — whether or not someone is home and when. … Occupancy is surprisingly easy to detect, since it highly correlates with simple statistical metrics, such as power’s mean, variance, and range.” [3]  Utilities claim smart meters are not surveillance devices, yet the repeated data gathering by smart meters beyond that required for billing purposes can reasonably be considered to represent unwanted surveillance and stalking.

Supporting Information

The following paragraphs represent selected quotations from recently published papers listed at the end of this article, [3] and [4].

[S]mart meters … indirectly leak private, and potentially valuable, information about a building’s occupants’ activities.  To extract this information, third-party companies are now employing cloud-based, ‘big data’ platforms to analyze smart meter data en masse.  While the purpose is, ostensibly, to provide consumers energy-efficiency recommendations, companies are mining the data for any profitable information.

For example, detecting power signatures … could aid [appliance] manufacturers in guiding their marketing campaigns, e.g., identifying homes with GE versus Maytag appliances. Many utilities are providing third-party companies access to troves of smart meter data.  For instance, a recent report highlights one utility’s practice of requiring its customers to consent to sharing their data with third parties before permitting them to use an online web portal.  Such privacy violations have led to a small, but growing, backlash against smart meters.

BurglaryAn important example of simple and private information that smart meters leak is occupancy — whether or not someone is home and when.  Tech-savvy criminals are already exploiting similar types of unintentional occupancy leaks, e.g., via publicly-visible online calendars and Facebook posts, to select victims for burglaries.  In addition, occupancy may also indirectly reveal private information that is of interest to insurance companies, marketers, potential employers, or the government, e.g., in setting rates, directing ads, vetting an applicant’s background, or monitoring its citizens, respectively.  Such information could include whether a home’s occupants:

i)   include a stay-at-home spouse,
ii)  keep regular working hours and daily routines,
iii) frequently go on vacation, or
iv)  regularly eat out for dinner.

As recent work demonstrates, launching attacks that extract occupancy [patterns] from smart meter data is surprisingly easy, since occupancy highly correlates with simple statistical metrics, such as power’s mean, variance, and range.  Intuitively, users’ interaction with electrical devices, e.g., turning them on and off, lends itself to straightforward attacks that detect changes in these metrics and associates them with changes in occupancy.” [3]

[W]e focus on monitoring occupancy in residential homes using the coarse-grained data produced by commodity smart meters, which record a home’s electricity usage anywhere between every one to fifteen minutes.

Home Occupancy Detection for 2 Homes

Typical smart meter data clearly demonstrates that a home’s pattern of electricity usage changes whenever occupants are present.  Figure 1 illustrates this point by overlaying average power usage every minute with binary occupancy (one is occupied, zero is unoccupied) between 8 am and 11 pm for two homes.  Though the homes have different occupants, loads, and daily routines, the pattern of power usage clearly change whenever people are home.

[Non-Intrusive Occupancy Monitoring] NIOM has compelling applications given the widespread deployment of smart meters by utilities.  For instance, prior work highlights that residential users often either i) do not program or ii) mis-program programmable thermostats. While the NEST thermostat attempts to address the problem by automatically programming itself based on occupancy patterns it learns using a built-in motion sensor, it carries a significant cost (roughly $250).  However, NIOM’s potential to extract occupancy patterns from smart meters en masse enables utilities to automatically determine i) how much a programmable thermostat benefits each home and ii) suggest an optimal customized thermostat schedule.  Utilities could include these results in electric bills or as part of routine energy audits to motivate consumers to upgrade to programmable thermostats and estimate their savings, or properly program their existing thermostat.” [4]

Supplemental Discussion

This article presents one simple example to illustrate the point on how utilities do not tell the truth with regard to the capabilities and risks associated with smart meter deployments.  For a previous article at this website dealing with a similar topic, one viewer wrote the following skeptical comment:

“I could gather enough data to make the same inferences you made just from paying attention to my neighbors. lights on in different rooms, lights off, coming and going, cars in driveways etc…not sure what your point is.”

The above comment was obviously made by a person who cares little about other people’s privacy or about utilities disclosing the truth.

The response of this website to the above comment included the following:

Peeping Tom“[S]mart meter data can be used by others either maliciously or inadvertently using existing or developing technology in an unauthorized fashion to infer types of activities or occupancy of a home for specific periods of time and … utilities should not deny these legitimate concerns as if they don’t exist.  Smart meters generally collect thousands of data points per month on each household which is not necessary for billing purposes.  It is therefore an UNNECESSARY invasion of privacy.  Although you may ‘pay attention’ to your neighbors, there is a point where you may cross the line and that ‘data gathering’ becomes unwanted surveillance and stalking.

Hopefully people will realize that if the utility can’t give a straight answer to a simple question on whether a smart meter can detect the occupancy of a home through the use of a smart meter, people will also question many of the other utility myths on what a smart meter supposedly “can’t do.”

Conclusions

For a utility to state that it “cannot detect the presence of people” in a home or that smart meters “only record total energy usage in a home or business” ignores the fact that smart meters collect “incremental” energy usage data that can reveal household activity (as opposed to “total” energy usage).

Such utility statements must be properly categorized as propaganda and constitute deception.  If people are alive and using electricity, their presence is detected and occupancy and behavior can be inferred using smart meters.  Repeated data gathering by a utility beyond that required for billing purposes can reasonably be considered to represent unwanted surveillance and stalking.

References

Reference [1]:

Naperville Smart Grid Initiative-question Response Inventory dated 25 March 2013; refer to page 26, Question 2 on the topic of “Privacy.”  Specifically for the City of Naperville, Illinois, there is a question asking:  “Can the utility monitor my consumption and know when I’m home?”  The utility provided response is given as:  “The utility cannot detect the presence of people in their homes; only the consumption of electricity is measured for billing purposes.”

Reference [2]:

Commonwealth Edison (ComEd) so-called “Fact Sheet” on Privacy; refer to the top of page 2: “Just like standard meters, smart meters will measure the amount of electricity you use – not how you use it.  They are not surveillance devices.”

Reference [3]:

“Combined Heat and Privacy: Preventing Occupancy Detection from Smart Meters,” Dong Chen, David Irwin, Prashant Shenoy, and Jeannie Albrecht; Research supported by NSF grants CNS-1253063, CNS-1143655, CNS-0916577, CNS-0855128, CNS-0834243, and CNS-0845349; 2014 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom); March 2014; ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PerCom.2014.6813962.

Reference [4]:

“Non-Intrusive Occupancy Monitoring using Smart Meters,” by Dong Chen, Sean Barker, Adarsh Subbaswamy, David Irwin, and Prashant Shenoy; Research supported by NSF grants CNS-1253063, CNS-1143655, CNS-0916577, CNS-0855128, CNS-0834243, CNS-0845349; BuildSys’13 Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Embedded Systems For Energy-Efficient Buildings; http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2528282.2528294.

About SkyVision Solutions

Raising public awareness and finding solutions for smart grid issues related to invasions of privacy, data security, cyber threats, health and societal impacts, as well as hazards related to radiofrequency (RF) radiation emissions from all wireless devices, including smart meters.
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7 Responses to Utilities Can Monitor Home Occupancy Using Smart Meters

  1. Pingback: Energiebedrijf speurt naar criminaliteit  

  2. Cataptra says:

    You can also control water with electronics as well. So if I want, I can turn on a shower, I can turn on my washer or dryer remotely if need be. Having worked and been in the electronics field for years, I learned a lot of tricks that can be done with timers, water faucets that are “motion activated” and the like, so there is still a way to beat the smart meter, it just takes a lot of ingenuity and work to set it all up. For most, this won’t be feasible because of the cost involved, but if you’re willing to spend the bucks, you can do just about anything to make it look like someone is home, right down to turning on a microwave or stove to appear that someone is cooking!

  3. Cataptra LeMagicka says:

    Even though they may be able to track if someone is home, there is still a way to defeat these beasts. it’ll cost a few bucks, but get computer controlled outlets and switches, use computerized “automatic” timers to turn on a light, tv, radio every few moments. I’ve been doing this for years, long before the “smart” meter showed up. And I may use animatronic figurines on these timers as well, if a light comes on and the figurine moves about {i.e. dances when radio is turned on} it gives the appearance someone is home. Even without the animatronic figures, just using the computerized timers, outlets and witches, gives the appearance someone is walking through the house as the lights go on or off in succession or at random. Noone ever knows if I’m home or not, and I’ll bet these smart meters can’t tell the difference whether the switch was thrown by a human or a computer!

    • You can make it somewhat less obvious what is happening in your home like you say if you use timers to randomly turn such things as lighting on and off. But I have found a home’s load profile can still be reviewed over time to discern the likely periods of showering and eating in the morning, when you are gone during the day, when you come home and go to bed as the graph below indicates. Plus, if you add in a smart water meter, it will be even easier to tell when someone is home or not since normally no water is used when a home is unoccupied. In addition, some appliances such as laundry washers and electric dryers have characteristic load profiles that make them fairly easy to spot provided the data for the smart meter is collected at least every 15 minutes.
      https://skyvisionsolutions.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/naperville-resident-power-usage-july-26-20132.jpg

  4. Pingback: 2014: The year the ‘smart’ meter agenda (and its failure) became obvious

  5. Lois dennison says:

    Smart meters .Ban all of. Them. They are dangerous. I have growths on joints of hands affecting my muscles. My legs. My feet. Eyes itch and burn. Severe headaches . I hear signal from meter constantly, I bitched at dte saying I needed analog meter re turned. Dte said no way. Radio was supposedly turned off October 11 , Saturday, by Monday, more growths in my right hand. And I still hear the signals from meter. Still have headaches ,my brain feels half numb. From the constant buzz of the signals. I was tested for allergies and can become. Allergic to anything at anytime. Utility company was told of my allergies And no concern of effects to my.allergies . Opt-out is a lie! Still be forced to let meter be installed
    Even with Radio off, still. Sending signal! Don’t trust Edison. Or any utility!

  6. Josh del Sol says:

    Good article, just shared via Facebook

    Josh del Sol Director & Producer, *Take Back Your Power* http://www.takebackyourpower.net

    *Winner: Indie Fest Annual Humanitarian Award Winner: AwareGuide Transformational Film of the Year*

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